Xanthine is a purine base and intermediate in the biosynthesis of uric acid (Item No. 16219).{59425,59426} It is formed during mammalian purine catabolism in the liver via oxidation of hypoxanthine (Item No. 22254) by xanthine oxidase (XO), which also oxidizes xanthine to produce uric acid.{59425,59427} Xanthine is also formed from guanine, xanthosine, or hypoxanthine during purine catabolism in plants.{59428} It has been found in a variety of commercial foodstuffs, including beer yeast, mushrooms, vegetables, fish, and beef.{59429} Urinary xanthine levels are decreased in patients with primary gout.{59430} Xanthine has also been used in the synthesis of xanthine derivatives that have anticancer or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.{59431}
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A purine base and intermediate in uric acid biosynthesis; been found in a variety of commercial foodstuffs; urinary levels are decreased in patients with primary gout; has been used in the synthesis of xanthine derivatives that have anticancer or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro
Formal name: 3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione
Synonyms: 2,6-Dihydroxypurine|NSC 14664
Molecular weight: 152.1
CAS: 69-89-6
Purity: ≥98%
Formulation: A crystalline solid
The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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