Taurolithocholic acid-d5 (TLCA-d5) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of TLCA (Item No. 17275) by GC- or LC-MS. TLCA is a taurine-conjugated form of the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (Item No. 20253).{33902} TLCA (75 μM) increases caspase-3 and -7 activity in Hep3B cells transfected with sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide (NTCP), but not nontransfected Hep3B cells.{28235} It has been used to induce cholestasis in ex vivo and in vivo animal models of hepatocellular cholestasis.{28234,43818} Serum levels of TLCA increase approximately 5-fold within two hours during an oral lipid tolerance test in humans.{33902}
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An internal standard for the quantification of taurolithocholic acid by GC- or LC-MS
Formal name: 2-[[(3α,5β)-3-hydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl-2,2,3,4,4-d5]amino]-ethanesulfonic acid, monosodium salt
Synonyms: Taurolithocholate-d5|TLCA-d5
Molecular weight: 510.7
CAS: 1265476-97-8
Purity: ≥99% deuterated forms (d1-d5)
Formulation: A solid
The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulates the expression of numerous genes involved in immunity and inflammation, cellular stress responses, growth, and apoptosis. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic trans-stilbene, is a known inhibitor of the activation of NF-κB and exhibits activity against a wide variety of cancer cells. CAY10512 is a substituted trans-stilbene analog of resveratrol that is 100-fold more potent as measured by antioxidant activity. The IC50 value for inhibition of TNFα-induced activation of NF-κB by CAY10512 is 0.15 µM compared to 20 µM by resveratrol.{14545}
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1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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