p38 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily of enzymes that play an important role in signal transduction. PD 169316 is a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK.{13876} It inhibits p38 MAPK with an IC50 of 89 nM, whereas the IC50s are >100-fold higher for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and >1,000-fold higher for protein kinase A (PKA) and PKCα.{13876} PD 169316 inhibits apoptosis of neuronal and non-neuronal cells deprived of specific trophic factors such as potassium or nerve growth factor.{13874,13875}
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A selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK (IC50 = 89 nM)
Formal name: 4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridine
Synonyms:
Molecular weight: 360.3
CAS: 152121-53-4
Purity: >98%
Formulation: A crystalline solid
Product Type|Biochemicals|Kinase Inhibitors|p38 MAPK||Product Type|Biochemicals|Small Molecule Inhibitors|Kinases||Research Area|Cell Biology|Cell Death|Apoptosis||Research Area|Cell Biology|Cell Signaling|p38 MAPK Signaling
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of cell cycle progression and are therefore promising targets for cancer therapy. (R)-Roscovitine is a potent inhibitor of Cdk2/cyclin E with an IC50 value of 0.1 µM.{14988} It also inhibits Cdk7/cyclin H, Cdk5/p35, and cell division cycle (cdc)/cyclin B with IC50 values of 0.49, 0.16, and 0.65 µM, respectively.{14987,14988,14991} (R)-Roscovitine inhibits the growth of rapidly proliferating cells with an average IC50 value of 15.2 µM against a panel of 19 human tumor cell lines.{14988} In murine models of polycystic kidney disease, (R)-roscovitine effectively inhibited disease progression at doses of 50-100 mg/kg.{14564}
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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