Etofenamate-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of etofenamate (Item No. 23674) by GC- or LC-MS. Etofenamate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and diethylene glycol ester form of flufenamic acid (Item No. 21447) that has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.{41244,41245} It inhibits lipoxygenase isolated from guinea pig leukocytes (IC50 = 5.3 μM) and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; Item No. 14010) in stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages.{41245} In vivo, etofenamate reduces acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice and UV-induced erythema in guinea pigs in a dose-dependent manner at doses ranging from 40-320 and 5-20 mg/kg, respectively.{41244} Etofenamate (40 mg/kg per day for 21 days) inhibits inflammation in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. It also decreases the pain response in a silver nitrate-induced rat model of arthritis and the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, indicating analgesic activity. Formulations containing etofenamate have been used in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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An internal standard for the quantification of etofenamate by GC- or LC-MS
Formal name: 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl 2-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)benzoate-3,4,5,6-d4
Synonyms:
Molecular weight: 373.4
CAS: 1329837-73-1
Purity: ≥99% deuterated forms (d1-d4)
Formulation: An oil
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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The tetracycline repressor (TetR) is a transcriptional regulator which normally binds tightly to its palindromic tetO operator DNA, blocking gene expression.{17508} Tet causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA, allowing transcription to occur. A novel reverse TetR (revTetR) requires tetracycline as a co-repressor to bind tetO and block transcription.{17509,17510} Anhydrotetracycline (hydrochloride) is a powerful effector in both the tetracycline repressor (TetR) and reverse TetR (revTetR) systems, binding the Tet repressor 35-fold more strongly than Tet.{17508,17511} Moreover, anhydrotetracycline poorly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, compared to Tet,{17512} so it does not act as a general inhibitor of translation and is a poor antibiotic. Perhaps related to this, the concentration of anhydrotetracycline that inhibits eukaryotic cell growth is more than a 1,000-fold above the dose that alters transcription through TetR.{17508}
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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of cell cycle progression and are therefore promising targets for cancer therapy. (R)-Roscovitine is a potent inhibitor of Cdk2/cyclin E with an IC50 value of 0.1 µM.{14988} It also inhibits Cdk7/cyclin H, Cdk5/p35, and cell division cycle (cdc)/cyclin B with IC50 values of 0.49, 0.16, and 0.65 µM, respectively.{14987,14988,14991} (R)-Roscovitine inhibits the growth of rapidly proliferating cells with an average IC50 value of 15.2 µM against a panel of 19 human tumor cell lines.{14988} In murine models of polycystic kidney disease, (R)-roscovitine effectively inhibited disease progression at doses of 50-100 mg/kg.{14564}
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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