Budesonide-d8 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of budesonide (Item No. 15407) by GC- or LC-MS. Budesonide is a glucocorticoid and an agonist of glucocorticoid receptors (EC50 = 45.7 pM in a transactivation assay).{41565} It is selective for glucocorticoid over mineralocorticoid receptors (EC50 = 7,620 pM). Budesonide inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; IC50 = 0.96 nM).{25238} It reduces levels of IL-1β and eotaxin in the lungs and the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a rat model of ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation when administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg.{24240} Intracolonic administration of budesonide decreases colon wet weight and colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in a rat model of oxazolone-induced colitis.{52378} Formulations containing budesonide have been used in the treatment of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma.
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An internal standard for the quantification of budesonide by GC- or LC-MS
Formal name: (11β,16α)-16,17-[butylidene-1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-d8-bis(oxy)]-11,21-dihydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione
Synonyms:
Molecular weight: 438.6
CAS: 1105542-94-6
Purity: ≥98% deuterated forms (d1-d8)
Formulation: A solid
The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The tetracycline repressor (TetR) is a transcriptional regulator which normally binds tightly to its palindromic tetO operator DNA, blocking gene expression.{17508} Tet causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA, allowing transcription to occur. A novel reverse TetR (revTetR) requires tetracycline as a co-repressor to bind tetO and block transcription.{17509,17510} Anhydrotetracycline (hydrochloride) is a powerful effector in both the tetracycline repressor (TetR) and reverse TetR (revTetR) systems, binding the Tet repressor 35-fold more strongly than Tet.{17508,17511} Moreover, anhydrotetracycline poorly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, compared to Tet,{17512} so it does not act as a general inhibitor of translation and is a poor antibiotic. Perhaps related to this, the concentration of anhydrotetracycline that inhibits eukaryotic cell growth is more than a 1,000-fold above the dose that alters transcription through TetR.{17508}
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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of cell cycle progression and are therefore promising targets for cancer therapy. (R)-Roscovitine is a potent inhibitor of Cdk2/cyclin E with an IC50 value of 0.1 µM.{14988} It also inhibits Cdk7/cyclin H, Cdk5/p35, and cell division cycle (cdc)/cyclin B with IC50 values of 0.49, 0.16, and 0.65 µM, respectively.{14987,14988,14991} (R)-Roscovitine inhibits the growth of rapidly proliferating cells with an average IC50 value of 15.2 µM against a panel of 19 human tumor cell lines.{14988} In murine models of polycystic kidney disease, (R)-roscovitine effectively inhibited disease progression at doses of 50-100 mg/kg.{14564}
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