8-iso PGF2α-d4 contains four deuterium atoms at the 3, 3′, 4, and 4′ positions. It is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 8-iso PGF2α by GC- or LC-mass spectrometry. 8-iso Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso PGF2α) is an isoprostane produced by the non-enzymatic peroxidation of arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids.{320,371,855} It circulates in human plasma in two distinct forms – esterified in LDL phospholipids and as the free acid. The ratio of these two forms is approximately 2:1, with a total plasma 8-iso PGF2α level of about 150 pg/ml in normal volunteers. In normal human urine, 8-iso PGF2α levels are about 180-200 pg/mg of creatinine.{320,371} 8-iso PGF2α is a weak TP receptor agonist in vascular smooth muscle.{6640} Conversely, 8-iso PGF2α inhibits platelet aggregation induced by U-46619 (10−6 M) and I-BOP (3 x 10−7 M) with IC50 values of 1.6 x 10−6 M and 1.8 x 10−6 M, respectively.{855}
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An internal standard for the quantification of 8-iso PGF2α by GC- or LC-MS
Formal name: 9α,11α,15S-trihydroxy-(8β)-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic-3,3,4,4-d4 acid
Synonyms: 15-F2t-Isoprostane-d4|8-epi PGF2α-d4|8-Isoprostane-d4|iPF2α-III-d4
Molecular weight: 358.5
CAS: 211105-40-7
Purity: ≥99% deuterated forms (d1-d4)
Formulation: A solution in methyl acetate
The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The tetracycline repressor (TetR) is a transcriptional regulator which normally binds tightly to its palindromic tetO operator DNA, blocking gene expression.{17508} Tet causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA, allowing transcription to occur. A novel reverse TetR (revTetR) requires tetracycline as a co-repressor to bind tetO and block transcription.{17509,17510} Anhydrotetracycline (hydrochloride) is a powerful effector in both the tetracycline repressor (TetR) and reverse TetR (revTetR) systems, binding the Tet repressor 35-fold more strongly than Tet.{17508,17511} Moreover, anhydrotetracycline poorly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, compared to Tet,{17512} so it does not act as a general inhibitor of translation and is a poor antibiotic. Perhaps related to this, the concentration of anhydrotetracycline that inhibits eukaryotic cell growth is more than a 1,000-fold above the dose that alters transcription through TetR.{17508}
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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