α-Linolenic acid ethyl ester-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of α-linolenic acid ethyl ester (Item No. 10008199) by GC- or LC-MS. α-Linolenic acid ethyl ester is an esterified form of α-linolenic acid (Item Nos. 90210 | 21910). It increases cyclin E levels and the activity of Cdk2/cyclin E, ERK, and JNK in hepatic stellate cells when used at a concentration of 50 μM.{14161} α-Linolenic acid ethyl ester (25 μg/ml) inhibits the growth of S. mutans, C. albicans, and P. gingivalis by 98, 72, and 92%, respectively, in vitro.{47493} It has been found in biodiesel produced from castor oil using ethanol.{47494} α-Linolenic acid ethyl ester has been used as a substrate in lipid peroxidation assays for antioxidant activity.{47495}
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An internal standard for the quantification of α-linolenic acid ethyl ester by GC- or LC-MS
Formal name: 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic-17,17,18,18,18-d5 acid, ethyl ester
Synonyms: ALAEE-d5|Ethyl Linolenate-d5|Ethyl α-Linolenate-d5|LAEE-d5|Linolenic Acid ethyl ester-d5
Molecular weight: 311.5
CAS: 203633-16-3
Purity: ≥99% deuterated forms (d1-d5)
Formulation: A solution in ethanol
The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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The tetracycline repressor (TetR) is a transcriptional regulator which normally binds tightly to its palindromic tetO operator DNA, blocking gene expression.{17508} Tet causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA, allowing transcription to occur. A novel reverse TetR (revTetR) requires tetracycline as a co-repressor to bind tetO and block transcription.{17509,17510} Anhydrotetracycline (hydrochloride) is a powerful effector in both the tetracycline repressor (TetR) and reverse TetR (revTetR) systems, binding the Tet repressor 35-fold more strongly than Tet.{17508,17511} Moreover, anhydrotetracycline poorly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, compared to Tet,{17512} so it does not act as a general inhibitor of translation and is a poor antibiotic. Perhaps related to this, the concentration of anhydrotetracycline that inhibits eukaryotic cell growth is more than a 1,000-fold above the dose that alters transcription through TetR.{17508}
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