Dienogest-d8 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of dienogest (Item No. 21257) by GC- or LC-MS. Dienogest is a synthetic progestin and progesterone receptor (PR) agonist (EC50s = 3.4-10.5 nM in transactivation assays).{46786} It is selective for PR over estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ, as well as glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (EC50s = >3,000 nM for all), as well as sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and cortisol-binding globulin (CBG; IC50s = 900-950 and 7,970 nM, respectively, in radioligand binding assays). It also inhibits dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivation of the androgen receptor (EC50s = 420.6-775 nM). Dienogest (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg per day for 21 days, p.o.) reduces lesion formation in a rat model of endometriosis.{46787} It reduces 17β-estradiol benzoate-dependent tumor growth in an MCF-7 ovariectomized mouse xenograft model when administered at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day for 28 days.{46788} Formulations containing dienogest in combination with estradiol valerate have been used as contraceptives.
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An internal standard for the quantification of dienogest by GC- or LC-MS
Formal name: 17α-hydroxy-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-21-nitrile-2,2,4,8,11,11,20,20-d8
Synonyms:
Molecular weight: 319.5
CAS: 2376035-92-4
Purity: ≥99% deuterated forms (d1-d8)
Formulation: A solid
The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulates the expression of numerous genes involved in immunity and inflammation, cellular stress responses, growth, and apoptosis. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic trans-stilbene, is a known inhibitor of the activation of NF-κB and exhibits activity against a wide variety of cancer cells. CAY10512 is a substituted trans-stilbene analog of resveratrol that is 100-fold more potent as measured by antioxidant activity. The IC50 value for inhibition of TNFα-induced activation of NF-κB by CAY10512 is 0.15 µM compared to 20 µM by resveratrol.{14545}
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