3,4-Dimethylpyrazole (phosphate) (3,4-DMPP) is an inhibitor of nitrification deemed safe by extensive standard toxicology and ecotoxicology tests.{34653} When utilized on crops, 3,4-DMPP prevents nitrogen loss from soil, increases nitrogen use efficiency, and boosts crop yields.{34653,34654} However, a meta-analysis found no influence of 3,4-DMPP on net crop yield, although it may boost yields in alkaline soil.{34655} 3,4-DMPP may be less effective in acidic soils and in the post-harvest period.{34656,34657} DMPP interferes with ammonia monooxygenase from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) but may not directly affect AOB, AOA, and non-target populations.{34658}
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An inhibitor of nitrification; inhibits nitrogen loss from soil; boosts crop yield in alkaline soil and nitrogen uptake efficiency; interferes with ammonia monooxygenase
Formal name: 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole, monophosphate
Synonyms: 3,4-DMPP
Molecular weight: 194.1
CAS: 202842-98-6
Purity: ≥98%
Formulation: A crystalline solid
Product Type|Biochemicals||Research Area|Plant Biology||Research Area|Toxicology|Environmental
The tetracycline repressor (TetR) is a transcriptional regulator which normally binds tightly to its palindromic tetO operator DNA, blocking gene expression.{17508} Tet causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA, allowing transcription to occur. A novel reverse TetR (revTetR) requires tetracycline as a co-repressor to bind tetO and block transcription.{17509,17510} Anhydrotetracycline (hydrochloride) is a powerful effector in both the tetracycline repressor (TetR) and reverse TetR (revTetR) systems, binding the Tet repressor 35-fold more strongly than Tet.{17508,17511} Moreover, anhydrotetracycline poorly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, compared to Tet,{17512} so it does not act as a general inhibitor of translation and is a poor antibiotic. Perhaps related to this, the concentration of anhydrotetracycline that inhibits eukaryotic cell growth is more than a 1,000-fold above the dose that alters transcription through TetR.{17508}
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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