trans-3’-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is a product of CYP2A6 metabolism of the primary nicotine metabolite, cotinine (Item No. 15314).{26187,26185} Cotinine has a longer metabolic half-life compared to 3HC (16 hours vs. 5 hours).{26187} The ratio of 3HC to cotinine, termed the nicotine metabolite ratio, correlates with nicotine clearance from the body and is used as a biomarker of CYP2A6 activity.{26187} This measure of nicotine metabolism has been used to study tobacco and secondhand smoke exposure as well as to develop pharmacological intervention strategies for smoking cessation.{26187,26186}
A product of CYP2A6 metabolism of the primary nicotine metabolite, cotinine; as a biomarker of nicotine metabolism
Formal name: 3R-hydroxy-1-methyl-5S-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrrolidinone
Synonyms: 3HC
Molecular weight: 192.2
CAS: 34834-67-8
Purity: ≥98%
Formulation: A crystalline solid
Product Type|Biochemicals|Xenobiotic Metabolites||Research Area|Toxicology|Drug Metabolism|Cytochrome P450||Research Area|Toxicology|Drug Metabolism|Drug Metabolites
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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