Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid signalling molecule formed by the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidyl choline by lysophospholipase D, also known as autotaxin (ATX).{13068} LPA signals through four different G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1/EDG-2, LPA2/EDG-4, LPA3/EDG-7, and LPA4/GPR23.{11049,13001} Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) by LPA has also been reported.{11199} Tetradecyl phosphonate is a pan-antagonist of lysophosphatidic acid 1 (LPA1), LPA2, and LPA3 receptors with IC50 values for inhibition of LPA-induced calcium mobilization of 10 µM, 5.5 µM, and 3.1 µM, respectively.{13282} At a concentration of 10 µM, tetradecyl phosphonate activates a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ reporter construct 4-fold compared to controls and partially inhibits autotaxin with an IC50 of approximately 3 µM.{13282}
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A pan-antagonist of LPA1-3 receptors (IC50 = 10, 5.5, and 3.1 µM, respectively)
Formal name: tetradecylphosphonic acid
Synonyms:
Molecular weight: 278.4
CAS: 4671-75-4
Purity: ≥98%
Formulation: A crystalline solid
Product Type|Biochemicals|Receptor Pharmacology|Agonists||Product Type|Biochemicals|Receptor Pharmacology|Antagonists||Product Type|Biochemicals|Small Molecule Inhibitors||Research Area|Lipid Biochemistry|Glycerophospholipids|Phospholipases
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulates the expression of numerous genes involved in immunity and inflammation, cellular stress responses, growth, and apoptosis. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic trans-stilbene, is a known inhibitor of the activation of NF-κB and exhibits activity against a wide variety of cancer cells. CAY10512 is a substituted trans-stilbene analog of resveratrol that is 100-fold more potent as measured by antioxidant activity. The IC50 value for inhibition of TNFα-induced activation of NF-κB by CAY10512 is 0.15 µM compared to 20 µM by resveratrol.{14545}
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The maintenance of embryonic stem cells in culture typically requires feeder cells and various exogenous factors found in serum. Murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be maintained in the absence of feeder cells and serum but require the leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to prevent differentiation and promote self-renewal. SC-1 is a small molecule activator of stem cell renewal that allows the propagation of OG2 mES cells for at least 10 passages in an undifferentiated state.{14533} The activity of SC-1 is mediated by the combined inhibition of RasGAP and ERK1 with Kd values of 98 and 212 nM, respectively.{14533} Inhibition of RasGAP increases Ras signaling via the PI3-kinase pathway which promotes self-renewal, whereas inhibition of ERK blocks differentiation.
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1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.{14480,24261,14478,14479} It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.{14478} Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.{14479}
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The PtdIn phosphates play an important role in the generation and transduction of intracellular signals.{8344,4096,14518} PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin is an affinity probe which allows the PIP3 to be detected through an interaction with the biotin ligand. This design allows PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3-biotin to serve as a general probe for any protein with a high affinity binding interaction with inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN, or PH-domain-containing proteins.
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